Types of Sports & Their History
Swimming Sports
History of Swimming Sports Humans have been able to swim since prehistoric times, the oldest evidence of swimming is paintings of swimmers from the Stone Age have been found in "cave swimmers" which are close to Wadi Sora in Gilf Kebir, southwest Egypt. The oldest records of swimming originated in 2000 BC.Swimming competitions in Europe began around 1800 after the construction of swimming pools. Most participants at that time swam with breaststroke. In 1873, John Arthur Trudgen introduced the front crawl style or called the trudgen style in swimming competitions in the Western world. Trudgen imitated the freestyle swimming technique of Indians in South America. Swimming is one of the sports in the 1896 Athens Olympics. In 1900, backstroke was included as the new Olympic swimming number. The world swimming union, Federation Internationale de Natation (FINA) was formed in 1908. The butterfly style which was originally one of the variations in breaststroke was accepted as a distinctive style in 1952.
Types of Style in Swimming
In swimming for recreation, people swim with breaststroke, backstroke, freestyle and butterfly style. Swimming styles contested in swimming competitions are butterfly style, back style, breaststroke, and freestyle. In freestyle number swimming competitions, swimmers can use a variety of swimming styles, except for breaststroke, backstroke and butterfly style. Unlike breaststroke, backstroke and butterfly style, the International Swimming Federation does not regulate the techniques used in freestyle swimming numbers.However, almost all swimmers swim with the style of riding, so that the front crawl is used almost universally by swimmers in freestyle swimming numbers.1. Freestyle
Freestyle is swimming with the chest facing the surface of the water. The hands alternately are moved far ahead with a pedaling motion, while the two legs alternately flogged up and down and down. When swimming freestyle, position the face facing the surface of the water. Breathing is done when the arm is moved out of the water, when the body is tilted and the head is turned sideways. When taking a breath, swimmers can choose to turn left or right. Compared to other swimming styles, freestyle is a swimming style that can make the body go faster in the water. Freestyle is a style that is not bound by certain basic techniques. Freestyle is carried out with a variety of movements in swimming that can make swimmers run in the water.2. Chest Style
Breaststroke is the most popular swimming style for recreational swimming. Stable body position and head can be out of the water for a long time. Frog style or frog style (frog style) is swimming with the chest position facing the surface of the water, but different from the freestyle, the torso is always in a fixed state. Both legs kick outward while the hands are straightened in front. Both hands are opened to the side like a splitting motion so that the body advances faster forward. Body movements mimic the movements of frogs swimming so called frog styles. Breathing is done when the mouth is on the surface of the water, after one hand-foot movement or two movements of the hands. In swimming lessons, beginner swimmers learn breaststroke or freestyle.3. Back Style
When swimming backstroke, people swim with their backs facing the surface of the water. The position of the face is on the water so that people easily take a breath. But swimmers can only look up and cannot look ahead.When competing, swimmers estimate the edge of the pool by counting the number of movements. In the back style, movements of the arms and legs are similar to the freestyle, but with the position of the body lying flat on the water surface. The hands are alternately moved towards the waist like a pedaling motion. The mouth and nose are outside the water so it's easy to take or exhale with your mouth or nose. When competing, different from the attitude of the freestyle swimmer, breaststroke, and butterfly style which is all done on the starting beam, the backstroke swimmer starts from inside the pool. Swimmers face the pool wall with both hands holding the iron handle. The knees are bent between the arms, while the two feet rest on the pool wall. Back style is a swimming style that has been known since ancient times. First competed in the 1900 Paris Olympics, the backstroke was the oldest swimming style contested after freestyle4. Butterfly Style
Butterfly style or dolfin style is one style of swimming with the chest facing the surface of the water. The two arms are simultaneously pressed down and moved outwards before being swung forward. While both legs simultaneously kick down and up like the movement of fish or dolphin tail fin. The air is exhaled strongly from the mouth and nose before the head emerges from the water, and air is inhaled through the mouth when the head is outside the water. Butterfly style was created in 1933, and is the most recent swimming style. Different from other swimming styles, beginner swimmers who learn butterfly style take longer to learn the coordination of hand and foot movements. Swimming butterfly style also requires greater strength than swimmers. Butterfly style swimming speed is obtained from the swing of both hands simultaneously. The fastest butterfly style swimmer can swim faster than freestyle swimmers. Compared to other swimming styles, butterfly-style swimmers cannot cover poor movement techniques by releasing more energy.Soccer
The history of the sport of football dates back to the 2nd and 3rd century BC in China. In the Han Dynasty, the community dribbled leather balls by kicking them into small nets. Similar games are also played in Japan as Kemari . In Italy, the game of kicking and carrying balls was also popular, especially from the 16th century.Modern football began to develop in England and became very popular. In some competitions, this game caused a lot of violence during the match so that finally King Edward III banned the sport from being played in 1365. King James I of Scotland also supported the ban on playing soccer. In 1815, a major development caused football to become famous in the university and school environment. The birth of modern football took place at the Freemasons Tavern in 1863 when 11 schools and clubs gathered and formulated standard rules for the game. At the same time, there is a clear separation between rugby and soccer (soccer). In 1869, carrying a ball by hand began to be banned in football. During the 1800s, the sport was carried by sailors, traders, and British soldiers to various parts of the world. In 1904,
Basketball Sports
History of Basketball
Basketball is considered a unique sport because it was created accidentally by a sports teacher. In 1891, Dr.James Naismith, a Canadian sports teacher who teaches at a college for professional students at the YMCA (a Christian youth forum) in Springfield, Massachusetts, must make a game in a closed room to fill students' time during the winter holiday in New England. Inspired by the game he played when he was a child in Ontario, Naismith created the game now known as basketball on December 15, 1891.According to the story, after rejecting some ideas because they were considered too hard and less suitable to be played at closed fields, he then wrote some basic rules, put a basket on the wall of the sports hall, and asked students to start playing the game.
The first official basketball match, held on January 20, 1892 at the workplace of Dr. James Naismith. Basket is a term spoken by one of his students. This sport became immediately famous throughout the United States. Fanatic fans are placed in all branches in the United States. Match after match was immediately held in cities throughout the states of the United States.
At first, each team is nine people and there is no dribble, so the ball can only be moved through throws. The history of the rules of basketball games begins with 13 basic rules written by James Naismith. The basic rules are as follows :
1. The ball can be thrown in any direction using one or both hands.
2. The ball can be hit in any direction by using one or both hands, but not beaten using a fist (punching).
3. Players are not allowed to run while holding the ball. The player must throw the ball from the point of receiving the ball, but it is permissible if the player runs at normal speed.
4. The ball must be held inside or between the palms. The arm or other body member is not allowed to hold the ball.
5. Players are not allowed to butt, hold, push, hit the opposing player in an intentional manner. The first violation of this rule will be counted as a mistake, the second violation will be sanctioned in the form of disqualification of the offender until the team's basket is entered by the opponent's ball, and if the violation is carried out in order to injure the opponent, the offender will be punished competition.At this time, player substitution is not allowed.
6. An error is made by the player when he hits the ball with a fist (punches), violates the rules 3 and 4, and violates the things mentioned in rule 5.
7. If one of the parties makes three consecutive errors, then that error will be counted as a goal for his opponent (successively means without any counter-infringement).
8. Goals occur when a ball is thrown or hit from the field into the basket, in this case the player who keeps the basket does not touch or interfere with the goal. If the ball stops at the edge of the basket or the opposing player moves the basket, then it will not count as a goal.
9. When the ball goes out of the match, the ball will be thrown back in and played by the first player to touch it. If there is a difference of opinion about possession of the ball, the referee will throw it into the field. the player who throws the ball is given 5 seconds to throw the ball. If he holds longer than that time, then possession of the ball will move. If one of the parties does something that can delay the match, the referee can give them a violation warning.
10. The referee has the right to pay attention to the players' play and record the number of violations and notify the assistant referee in the event of successive violations. Referees have full rights to disqualify players who commit violations in accordance with those listed in rule 5.
11. The assistant referee pays attention to the ball and makes a decision if the ball is deemed to have left the field, changes in possession of the ball, and calculates time. The assistant referee has the right to determine the validity of a goal and count the number of goals that occur.
12. Match time is 4 rounds of 10 minutes each
13. The party who succeeds in entering the most goals will be declared the winner.
·
Tennis Sports
Tennis history
Tennis is a very old sport. Recorded on a sculpture made around 1500 BC on the wall of a temple in Egypt that shows a representation of tennis ball games. This game then spread to all mainland Europe in the 8th century.At the beginning of its development tennis was played by using a hand or a stick which was struck alternately using a solid wooden ball. This game then developed again into a ball game with a strike across a barrier wall.Because at that time it was felt that ball control was more felt by hand, then the media that developed at that time was by using leather gloves which then evolved again by adding handles. This is the forerunner to the birth of a tennis racket. The ball also evolved from a solid wooden ball into a ball of skin filled with rice bran.This sport was very developed in France at that time. In the 16-18th century, it began to be loved, especially by the Kings and nobles with the name 'Jeu de Palme' or fist sports. The word tennis itself is believed to come from French players who often refer to the word 'Tenez' which means "Play!" When they will start the game and until now the word is used as the name of this sport. Tennis then expanded to the plains of England and also spread to Spain, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Germany. But tennis suffered a setback during the French revolution and the power of Napoleon Bonaparte in Europe.
In the 19th century tennis was revived by British nobles by building country club facilities or tennis courts in their large homes. Because at that time tennis was popularly played on the lawn, it was known as 'Lawn Tennis' or tennis court. During this time, balls from vulcanized rubber began to emerge which at that time were thought to reduce the damage to grass in the field without reducing the elasticity of the ball itself.
The term Lawn Tennis comes from an Englishman named Arthur Balfour. Since the discovery of lawn tennis, people have begun experimenting with playing on other surfaces such as clay court and hard court. Wriggling the game of tennis turned out to be able to shift the Croquet game as a summer sport. The peak occurred in 1869 when one of the most famous Croquet clubs in England, the All England Croquet Club, failed to attract many enthusiasts and tried to include tennis as another sport. As a result, this club was very successful in attracting interested people, especially in the tennis game, and in 1877 changed its name to 'All Engand Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club'. This history continued when the location of the club located at Wimbledon increased land rent which forced the club to get more funds than usual.
Therefore the club held the first tennis tournament at Wimbledon by forming a committee to hold matches and make standard rules in this game. The tournament was attended by 20 participants with an audience of around 200 people and this is the forerunner of the Wimbledon tournament which is one of the prestigious grand slam tennis tournaments in the world.
There are various types of games that use racquets to be played today and tennis is one of the most preferred games. According to some historical accounts, the game using ball and racket has been played since before Christ, namely in Egypt and Greece. In the 11th century a game called jeu de paume , which resembled the game of tennis now, has been played for the first time in an area in France.
The ball used is wrapped with feathered yarn while the bat is only a hand.
The game was then introduced to Italy and England in the 13th century and received a warm welcome in a short time. Many devotees turned out to be among the local people towards this game. Since then the development of tennis has continued to increase to other European countries.
Stringed racket was first introduced in the 15th century by Antonio da Scalo, an Italian priest. He wrote general rules for all games that use balls, including tennis. The British magazine "Sporting Magazine" calls this game "tennis court" ( lawn tennis)) In the book "Book of Games And Sports", published in 1801, it is referred to as "long tennis". Tennis was originally a game of upper class society. The famous grass court tennis at the time of Queen Victoria was imitated by the middle class, which made it an ordinary game.
The first tennis club founded was Leamington in France by JB Perera, Harry Gem, Dr. Frederick Haynes, and Dr. Arthur Tompkins in 1872. At that time, tennis was called pelota or lawn rackets . In 1874 the game of tennis was first played in the United States by Dr. James Dwight and FR Sears. Meanwhile, the All England Croquet Club was also established in 1868. Two years after that his office was opened at Jalan Worple, Wimbledon. In 1875, the club was also willing to allocate a portion of its land for tennis and badminton. In connection with that, the rules of the tennis court game are written. The United States established the first tennis club on Staten Island. Starting from there, the game of tennis in the United States developed very rapidly. From there many powerful tennis players were born who mastered the world tennis arena.
Badminton Sports
Badminton History
Badminton sports are often also called badminton. This sport is played with hats made of goose feathers, and rackets. In badminton / badminton games, each player or pair takes the opposite position on both sides of the net on the badminton court, while the game starts by serving one of the players. The origin of the history of badminton was first around 2000 years ago, which developed in Egypt, but there are also mention in India and China. The parent of a badminton / badminton sports organization is the IBF (International Badminton Federation) which was founded in 1934 which was pioneered by several world countries such as Britain, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Denmark, the Netherlands, Canada, New Zealand, and France.·
Volly Sports
Volly History
The first volleyball game appeared In 1895 by William C. Morgan, a director of the YMCA in Holyke, Massachusetts, found a game called Mintonette in an effort to fulfill the wishes of local entrepreneurs who thought basketball was too energy-consuming and unpleasant. This game quickly attracts attention because it only requires a few basic skills, is easy to master in a short training period, and can be done by players with various levels of fitness.The original game used a ball made of rubber inside basketball. The initial rules free any number of players in a team. In 1896 the name of the game was changed by Alfred T. Halstead, who after watching this game, assumed that volleyball was more suitable to be the name of this game considering the characteristics of this game which was played by bouncing the ball before it touched the ground (volleying).
·
Running Sports
Running History
The history of running is not written authentically since when humans ran as achievements or for fitness. Since humans are there, they have actually been able to walk and run, but not recorded as an achievement sport to find out the fastest and strongest. There is a version that says it originated from the Greeks who were being hit by a war between the Greeks and Persians in the city of Marathonas Island of Egina Greece . Persian forces suffered defeat and Greek forces who won the war ordered one of his troops to carry a message. The messenger ran toAthens40.8 km (25.4 miles) in a day to preach his victory when he arrived in the city while shouting who finally fainted and died. To commemorate the victory of the war and honor the messenger, several periods of running competitions were held and increasingly developed into modern sports and split into various running branches.The news reported that the marathon running branch was first competed in the Olympics held in the city ofAthens won by Eucles and in the next race won by Philippides . After experiencing various events and times, this competition turned into an Olympics and in the following period was nicknamed the modern Olympics. This sport also develops into several branches which are divided into certain distances. In the development of running sports divided into short sprints ( sprints ), medium distance runs ( middle distance ), long distance runs ( long distance)Even short distance runs are divided into 50m, 55m, 60m, 100m, 150m, 200m, 300m, 400m, 500m runs. At medium distances divided into 800m, 1500m, 3000m. Long distance runs are divided into 500m, 10,000m, half marathonand marathon . At present the development is even faster and tends to be combined with other sports such as obstacle running, triathlon, pentathlon, heptathlon, decathlon.
For example, running activities as a physical fitness / maintenance body are not recorded, whether since humans appeared on earth already have running activities in their lives or after several new breeds have been running. But logically it can be said that humans have legs for activities, of course, from small, they can run to rejoice or pursue something. From the results of running, then he felt the benefits felt after the activity, then the next person to maintain running activities in his life. The tendency of humans when they grow up is also active in running after animals by hunting using hunting tools such as spears or rocks.
The more modern people live in an era, the less activity goes and runs. Over time realized that humans still need by running bodies in their activities to maintain their health. So that it becomes a tendency that humans choose running sports in their lives to be used as habits or hobbies. Now, in the modern era human desire is not only used as a hobby, but has turned into a healthy club and a lifestyle to even socialize. Which means that not only running sports for achievement are developed and combined with other sports, but non-performance running (for fitness) also experiences developments that are combined with other human activities. One day there will appear a non-performance sports club to becomelifestyle trends such as bike to work clubs or body building clubs .